Bab I "Discussion Text"
Discussion
Text, I personally know the argumentative essay, is one type of text that gives
two opinions on a matter. Opinion was certainly exist in harmony and there is
also conflicting.
When we
talk about something, no doubt the discussion we have various arguments /
opinions are diverse. So is the discussion text, this text has two different
opinions: one, opinions are agreed and, two, an opinion that does not agree.
Therefore we need to have a broad view of the matter if we want to make the
text discussion.
For more details, let's discuss one
by one what should we see in studying the text discussion.
Definition Discussion Text
Mentioned
in the Merriam-Webster Learner Dictionary, the word "Economy" has two
meanings. First, the act of talking about something with another person or a
group of people: a conversation about something (Actions speak of a thing to
another person or group of people). Second, a speech or piece of writing that
gives information, ideas, opinions, etc., About something (speech or writing
that provides information, ideas, opinions, etc. about something).
From the discussion in the second
sense, meaning number two is better suited to the meaning of the text
discussion. If concluded, the text meaningful discussion either a spoken or
written text that provides information, ideas, opinions, about a thing.
Do you agree?
Generic Structure Of Discusssion Text
Simply put, the general arrangement
of the discussion text is divided into 3 sections.
1. Issue (issue)
2. Arguments (Opinion)
a. Points
Supporting (Opinion in Support)
b.
Contrasting Points (The Contrary Opinion)
3. Conclusion / Recommendation
(Conclusion / Suggestion)
Issue (Major Problems)
This issue contains the issue will be
further discussed. If you want to write a text of this discussion, it helps to
choose a topic of controversial issues so that you'll have a lot of arguments,
good arguments in favor of or argument to the contrary. For example, the
subject matter "Students Should Not Take mobile phones so as not to
interfere with teaching and learning in schools".
Supporting Points (Opinion in Support)
At the points supporting this, we are
required to elaborate further on the description of the problem we are
discussing. If the Issue contains problems such as in the example above issue,
then you have to explain in more detail about HP that could interfere with
teaching and learning activities in schools.
Contrasting Points (The Contrary Opinion)
On the contrasting these points, it
is good we give a different opinion with supporting points. If HP is considered
a negative effect on students, then this section we shall give an opinion on
the benefits of HP for students. For example, by giving the argument that HP
could facilitate students in finding information on the Internet about the
subjects being discussed.
Recommendation / Conclusion (Suggestions / Conclusion)
In this section, we try to take the
middle ground on the issue being discussed so that the conclusions we draw no
longer bring new problems. For example, in the HP above, we can give
suggestions / conclusions by writing schools allow students to bring HP's
origin is not activated when the teaching and learning taking place.
Well, that would be argumentative
essay that you can learn. To clarify, let's look at the example below:
Example of Discussion Text
The Ban on Smoking in Public Places
(Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places)
Smoking ban in public places has been
a hot issue these last months not only in Malta but also in various countries
who are discussing the effects a ban would have. There have been several
debates on smoking ban. Even though the Harmful effects of smoking, both active
and passive, are well known and undeniable smoking is far from being in
decline; it is spreading among young people in particular Quickly.
Most controversial debate is going on
public smoking ban. The reason is simple, smoking ban affects directly all
people rapidly and we can see its effects in a short-term period. There have
been a lot of arguments brought up both in favor and against a public smoking
ban. Some in favor of the arguments are the following. Smoking ban is one of
the controversial ways for Recognizing reducing smoking and non-smokers' right
to health protection. The health risks of smoking are clear. Passive smoking
does carry risks. Many leading medical and scientific Organizations recognize
second-hand smoke as a cause of a range of life-threatening conditions. The
health situation could be drastically improved if one of the risk factors -
tobacco - was eliminated. People have a right to Protect Themselves from smoke
inhalation. People should not have to Inhale the ill-effects of other people's
smoking. The creation of smoke-free public places also improves water quality.
Those Opposing a smoking ban say that
freedom of choice would be affected by such legislation. Some people say that
against a tire smoking bans damage business. A smoking ban could lead to a significant
fall in earnings from bars, restaurants and casinos. Another argument is that
the smoker has a basic human right to smoke in public places, and the tire is a
Limitation for smokers' rights. Businesses, smokers, publicans, tobacco
industries, stars, and some of the non-smokers oppose public smoking ban.
Smokers light a cigarette Because they need to smoke, not Because they want it,
Because nicotine is physically addictive. Therefore, some smokers think that
the public smoking ban is oppressiveness. They see the ban as a treatment to
smokers as second-class citizens. Smokers agree that the smoking ban benefits
the world, but can not support the ban, Because effects of nicotine obstruct
them.
Public smoking ban needs to be
measured and Understood better. Smokers should not be made to look like the
Outcasts, but smokers should respect non-smokers when sharing places. I agree
that completely smoke-free places are the ideal, and some businesses have taken
the decision to go completely smoke-free. However, everyone agrees that, it is
a matter of rights - the right of smokers to smoke versus non-smokers from
passive smoking to protect and to breathe clean air.
Bab II "Explanation Text"
Explanation
text (text explanation) is a text that contains the processes associated with
natural phenomena, soisal, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is
usually derived from the corresponding author questions 'why' and 'how' of a
phenomenon.
Communicative
purpose of Explanation Text
Explanation communicative
purpose of the text is to explain the processes that occur in the formation or
activity associated with natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural, and
others aimed at explaining.
Generic
structur Explanation Text
There are three
sections in the Text Explanation sentence structure, namely:
1. A general statement
In a general statement
contains a general explanation of the phenomenon that will be discussed, this
phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation.
2. A squenced of
explanation
A squenced of
explanation contains an explanation of why the phenomenon may occur or be
created. A squenced of explanation in the form of answers to the question 'why'
and 'how' the author when making an Explanation text. In squenced of
explanation may consist of more than one paragraph.
3. Closing
Actually closing was
not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people
assume that the last paragraph of the Explanation text is closing, but it is
part of squenced of explantaion that contains the final steps described in the
section squenced of explanation.
Language features
Explanation Text
In a text explanation,
there are linguistic traits as below, namely:
• Using simple present
tense
• mengguankan abstract
noun (nouns that appear)
• Passive voice
mengguanakan
• Using Action verbs
Example
of Explanation Text
To increase your
understanding of the Explanation Text above explanation, the authors also
include examples of explanation text below:
Making Paper from
woodchips
General
statement
Woodchipping is a
process used to OBTAIN pulp and paper products from forest trees. The
woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the
forest called a coupe.
Squence
of explanation
Next the tops and
branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At
the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper
roomates cuts them into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then
screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are either
exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat. The pulp is
then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing
Finally the pulp is
rolled out to the make paper.
III. “ Job Vacancy And Application Letter ”
1.
Start with a job title that clearly describes the job
position to attract reader’s attention. Include the required experience level
within the title so job seekers can easily determine whether they may qualify.
2.
Describe the company briefly. Include approximate
number of employees, type of product or service you supply, number of years in
business and office locations. Use exciting descriptions to briefly describe
why a job applicant would want to work. For example, use phrases such as “young,
dynamic company, “cutting edge of technology” or “warm work atmosphere.”
3.
Write a detailed job description. Describe specific
job responsibilities and how the job fits in with the framework of the company.
For example, write “create graphical website templates for our new magazine
website.” Explain whether the job entails management tasks, financial budgeting
or direct contact with external clients.
4.
Include the job location so that job seekers who live
too far to commute will not apply. Describe the job as “work at home” if the
job does not take place in an office setting.
5.
Include required job hours. Specify job hours, if
specific job hours are required. If not, write “full time”, “part time” or
“flexible job hours” to give applicants a general idea of expectations.
6.
Include general salary range. If you plan on paying
average salary but do not want to include actual salary, write “competitive
salary and benefits.” If you will pay a low salary, list the salary in the ad
so that overqualified applicants do not apply.
7.
Write qualification requirements including education
and specific skills. Write years plus type of experience required, such as,
“minimum five years experience as a senior manager for a high-tech company.”
8.
End the job advertisement explaining how to apply for
the job. In most cases, ask applicants to send a resume or CV. Give contact
details of where to send the resume, such as email address or fax number. List
other application requirements, if any. For example, ask for writing samples
for a writing job or sample photographs for a photography job.
For example:
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Urgently Required!!!
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Grand
Jasmine Hotel Surabaya invites for hard worker, communicative and
attractive individuals, you can get competitive salary. Who wants to
develop and needs to success for the position of:
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RECEPTIONIST
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Requirements:
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- Ø Male/Female,
age 20-27 years old
- Ø Min
D3 degree from reputable academic
- Ø Good
performance and attractive
- Ø Fluently
in English both written and oral
- Ø Familiar
with computer system
- Ø Preferable
who has experience in hotel operation
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Send your
application and CV to human resources department of Grand Jasmine Hotel
Surabaya,
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Jl. Irian
Barat 30 Surabaya, before July 15th 2013.
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APPLICATION
LETTER
Application
letter is a letter business letter or a letter that have
function to apply a job in a company or an institution.
How to Make
Application Letter?
Heading
SenderAddres
Date
Company address
Salutation
Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name
Body of
Application Letter
The body of your application letter lets the employer know what position you
are applying for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and how
you will follow-up.
Education
The first paragraph of your letter should include information about your
education and your age.
Experience
The next section of your application letter should describe your experience and
how long your experience, also the place.
Qualifications
Mention your
qualification and mention specifically how your qualifications match the job
you are applying for. Remember, you are interpreting your resume, not repeating
it.
Wrap up
Conclude your application letter by thanking the employer for considering you
for the position. Include information on how you will follow-up.
Closing: Sincerely, faithfully and your signature
For example:
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Jl. Danau
Sunter Selatan
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North
Jakarta
14360 Sender
Address
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January 25,
2013
Date
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Human
Resources Manager
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PT. Astrea
Graphica Visual
Company Address
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Jl. Jend. Sudirman
25
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Jakarta
Selatan
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Dear
Sir/Madame,
Salutation
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Body of
Application LetterI read your
advertisement on Media Indonesia 2nd January 2007 edition, and I would like
to apply for the position offered.
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Education
and ExperienceI was
graduated from Bina Nusantara University Jakarta on 2004, majoring in
Graphic Design. I have 3 years working experience in Graphic Design
department at PT. Penerbitan Grahamedia,
Qualification:
successfully handling the graphic design for its several top rated
magazines such as Qiblati, As Sunnah and Keluarga Sakinah.
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Wrap upEnclosed are my resume and recent photograph. I will appreciate an
interview opportunity where I can convince you that my service will be an
asset to your company. I hope my educational background and excellent
achievement on current works merit to your consideration.
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Thank you
for kind attention. I am looking forward to your reply.
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Closing
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Sincerely,
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Dwiyanti
Paramita
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IV. COMPOUND SENTENCE
Compound
Sentence adalah jenis kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris yang tersusun dari lebih
dari satu kalimat lepas (independent clause). Dalam arti lain, Compound
Sentence adalah kalimat yang mempunyai paling sedikit 2 kalimat bebas. Kita
mengenalnya dalam Bahasa Indonesia dengan kalimat majemuk setara. Compound
Sentence biasanya terbentuk dengan kata penghubung seperti and, or, so. Lebih
jelasnya perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
1. My father always
read newspaper and my mother cooks in the morning.
2. I work hard this
week, so I will take a break. His father is a good man, but he is bad.
3. My name is Fadli and
I'm married.
4. My child is still 3
years old, but he is very talkative.
Compound sentence atau kalimat majemuk adalah
merupakan gabungan dua kalimat sederhana atau dua klausa utama atau lebih.
Compound sentences terdiri dari simple
compound and complex sentence.
Misal:
1.
The rain fell, and the wind blew.
2.
Shinta likes to cook, but Fitri loves singing.
3.
We played volley ball, and then we went swimming.
4.
Mrs. Lutfi is a house wife, but Mrs. Edison is a
career woman.
Dalam kalimat majemuk setara tersebut di atas
masing-masing independent clause mempunya subjek dan predikat sendiri. (The
rain fell. The wind blew). Masing-masing subjek punya kata kerja masing-masing
dan setara (sama-sama berada di main clause).
Perhatikan kata-kata sambung yang dipakai untuk menghubungkan dua independent
clause sehingga menjadi kalimat majemuk setara.
Contoh:
1.
The door opened, and a cat suddenly entered the
room .(dan)
2.
The restaurant is a very dirty, yet many people
still want to eat there.(namun)
3.
I heard the conversation very clearly, for I
was not far from them.(karena)
4.
You must study hard, or you will flunk in your
exams.(atau)
5.
I want to live far away from the city, but my
girl friend wants me to stay close to her.(tapi)
6.
Fitri was very tired, so she went to bed
earlier.(jadi)
Perhatikan kita menggunakan tanda "," (koma)
sebelum kata-kata sambung tersebut karena kedua kalimat tersebut setara. Kata
sambung lainya yang dapat digunakan, yaitu:
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Also
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Juga
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Besides
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Disamping itu
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Moreover
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Lagi pula, tambahan pula
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Still
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Namun
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Therefore
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Oleh karenanya
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Consequently
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Akibatnya
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Otherwise
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Jika tidak
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Accordingly
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Karenanya
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However
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Namun demikian
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Nevertheless
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Meskipun demikian
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Then
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Furthermore
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Lebih lagi
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On the other hand
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Di lain pihak
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Apabila kita menggunakan kata-kata di atas, maka tanda titik koma (;) sebelum
transisi tersebut dan tanda koma (,) setelah nya. Perhatikan contoh kalimatnya:
1.
Mr. Lutfi is the richest man in Samarinda; moreover,
he is very generous.
2.
Our team tried the best to win; nevertheless, they
finally lost the game.
3.
This method is very good; accordingly, you must use
it.
4.
He has been absent very frequently; therefore, the
teacher decided to disqualify them for a test.
Konjungsi koordinasi
yang mudah diingat jika Anda berpikir tentang kata-kata "FAN BOYS":
V. SIMPLE SENTENCE
Pengertian
Simple Sentence
Simple
sentence adalah sentence type (tipe kalimat) yang paling mendasar, yaitu hanya
terdiri dari satu independent clause. Tipe kalimat ini bukan berarti “simple”
(sederhana) untuk dipahami karena simple sentence sendiri merujuk pada pola
kalimat bukan the complexity of thought (kompleksitas pemikiran).
Independent Clause dan Compound Element pada Simple Sentence
Independent
clause terdiri dari satu subject, verb, dan element(s)
lain untuk membentuk kalimat yang memiliki arti secara utuh/lengkap. Subject
adalah someone/something (seseorang/sesuatu), berupa noun
atau pronoun, yang melakukan aksi. Aksi yang dilakukan (verb) dapat
berupa action (contoh: eat, play, read) atau linking verb.
Contoh Simple Sentence:
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Contoh Simple
Sentence
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Keterangan
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My sister read the magazine.
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subject= my sister,
verb= read,
(direct) object= the magazine
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The manager came late today.
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subject= the manager,
verb= came,
adverb= late, today
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He is diligent.
(Dia rajin)
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subject= he (pronoun),
(linking) verb= is,
adjective= diligent
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I was doing physically exercises at this time
yesterday.
(Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari.)
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subject= I,
verb= was doing,
(direct) object= physically exercises
prepositional phrase= at this time yesterday
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Simple sentence umumnya berupa kalimat yang pendek, namun dapat pula panjang. Kalimat
dapat menjadi lebih panjang ketika elemen-elemen kalimat (subject, verb,
object, etc) digunakan secara majemuk (compound). Diantara elemen majemuk
tersebut (subject compound, verb compound, etc) tidak dipisahkan oleh koma.
Selain itu, prepositional phrase juga dapat berperan untuk memperpanjang suatu simple sentence.
Contoh Simple Sentence:
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Contoh Simple
Sentence
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Keterangan
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Atiek and
I got the appreciation for our recent research.
(Atiek dan saya mendapatkan perhargaan untuk riset terakhir kami.)
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compound subject
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The babies laughed and cried simultaneously.
(Bayi-bayi tersebut tertawa dan menangis secara bersamaan.)
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compound verb
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Ana and Yuni read and wrote the
instruction.
(Ana dan Yuni membaca dan menulis instruksi.)
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compound subject, compound verb
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Ana and Yuni read the instruction on the
whiteboard and wrote it on their book.
(Ana dan Yuni membaca instruksi di papan tulis putih dan menuliskannya di
buku mereka.)
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prepositional phrase
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A
simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a
verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences,
subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
Examples
I am running.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, I, and one predicate, running.
The singer bowed.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, singer, and one predicate, bowed.
The babies cried.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, baby, and one predicate, cried.
The girl ran into her bedroom.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. This example is distinct from the previous
three in that its verb phrase consists of more than one word.
In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known
as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb
should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases
VI.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined
by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator
such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative
pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex
sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators
and their commas (when required) are in red.
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A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last
page.
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
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When
a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a
comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent
clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B,
C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators
in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
Note
that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent
clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent
clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in
sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear
a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when
the independent clause begins the sentence.
COMPLEX
SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or
dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause
and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked
the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent
clauses are also underlined.
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A. The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics.
B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
C. The house which Abraham Lincoln was born in is still
standing.
D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.
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Adjective
Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to
know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.
Sebuah
kalimat yang kompleks terdiri dari klausul independen dan satu atau lebih
tergantung klausa terhubung. Sebuah klausa dependen adalah serupa dengan
klausul independen, atau kalimat lengkap, tetapi tidak memiliki salah satu
elemen yang akan membuat kalimat lengkap.
Klausul
Dependent seperti yang di atas tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat,
tetapi mereka dapat ditambahkan ke klausul independen untuk membentuk kalimat
kompleks.
Klausa
Dependent dimulai dengan mensubordinasi konjungsi. Berikut adalah beberapa kata
sambung subordinatif (subordinating conjunctions) yang paling umum:
