makalah B.inggris semester 1 XII IPA

 Bab I "Discussion Text"

Discussion Text, I personally know the argumentative essay, is one type of text that gives two opinions on a matter. Opinion was certainly exist in harmony and there is also conflicting.

When we talk about something, no doubt the discussion we have various arguments / opinions are diverse. So is the discussion text, this text has two different opinions: one, opinions are agreed and, two, an opinion that does not agree. Therefore we need to have a broad view of the matter if we want to make the text discussion.

For more details, let's discuss one by one what should we see in studying the text discussion.

Definition Discussion Text

Mentioned in the Merriam-Webster Learner Dictionary, the word "Economy" has two meanings. First, the act of talking about something with another person or a group of people: a conversation about something (Actions speak of a thing to another person or group of people). Second, a speech or piece of writing that gives information, ideas, opinions, etc., About something (speech or writing that provides information, ideas, opinions, etc. about something).

From the discussion in the second sense, meaning number two is better suited to the meaning of the text discussion. If concluded, the text meaningful discussion either a spoken or written text that provides information, ideas, opinions, about a thing.

Do you agree?

Generic Structure Of Discusssion Text

Simply put, the general arrangement of the discussion text is divided into 3 sections.

1. Issue (issue)

2. Arguments (Opinion)

       a. Points Supporting (Opinion in Support)

       b. Contrasting Points (The Contrary Opinion)

3. Conclusion / Recommendation (Conclusion / Suggestion)

Issue (Major Problems)

This issue contains the issue will be further discussed. If you want to write a text of this discussion, it helps to choose a topic of controversial issues so that you'll have a lot of arguments, good arguments in favor of or argument to the contrary. For example, the subject matter "Students Should Not Take mobile phones so as not to interfere with teaching and learning in schools".

Supporting Points (Opinion in Support)

At the points supporting this, we are required to elaborate further on the description of the problem we are discussing. If the Issue contains problems such as in the example above issue, then you have to explain in more detail about HP that could interfere with teaching and learning activities in schools.

Contrasting Points (The Contrary Opinion)

On the contrasting these points, it is good we give a different opinion with supporting points. If HP is considered a negative effect on students, then this section we shall give an opinion on the benefits of HP for students. For example, by giving the argument that HP could facilitate students in finding information on the Internet about the subjects being discussed.

Recommendation / Conclusion (Suggestions / Conclusion)

In this section, we try to take the middle ground on the issue being discussed so that the conclusions we draw no longer bring new problems. For example, in the HP above, we can give suggestions / conclusions by writing schools allow students to bring HP's origin is not activated when the teaching and learning taking place.

Well, that would be argumentative essay that you can learn. To clarify, let's look at the example below:

Example of Discussion Text

The Ban on Smoking in Public Places (Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places)

Smoking ban in public places has been a hot issue these last months not only in Malta but also in various countries who are discussing the effects a ban would have. There have been several debates on smoking ban. Even though the Harmful effects of smoking, both active and passive, are well known and undeniable smoking is far from being in decline; it is spreading among young people in particular Quickly.

Most controversial debate is going on public smoking ban. The reason is simple, smoking ban affects directly all people rapidly and we can see its effects in a short-term period. There have been a lot of arguments brought up both in favor and against a public smoking ban. Some in favor of the arguments are the following. Smoking ban is one of the controversial ways for Recognizing reducing smoking and non-smokers' right to health protection. The health risks of smoking are clear. Passive smoking does carry risks. Many leading medical and scientific Organizations recognize second-hand smoke as a cause of a range of life-threatening conditions. The health situation could be drastically improved if one of the risk factors - tobacco - was eliminated. People have a right to Protect Themselves from smoke inhalation. People should not have to Inhale the ill-effects of other people's smoking. The creation of smoke-free public places also improves water quality.

Those Opposing a smoking ban say that freedom of choice would be affected by such legislation. Some people say that against a tire smoking bans damage business. A smoking ban could lead to a significant fall in earnings from bars, restaurants and casinos. Another argument is that the smoker has a basic human right to smoke in public places, and the tire is a Limitation for smokers' rights. Businesses, smokers, publicans, tobacco industries, stars, and some of the non-smokers oppose public smoking ban. Smokers light a cigarette Because they need to smoke, not Because they want it, Because nicotine is physically addictive. Therefore, some smokers think that the public smoking ban is oppressiveness. They see the ban as a treatment to smokers as second-class citizens. Smokers agree that the smoking ban benefits the world, but can not support the ban, Because effects of nicotine obstruct them.

Public smoking ban needs to be measured and Understood better. Smokers should not be made to look like the Outcasts, but smokers should respect non-smokers when sharing places. I agree that completely smoke-free places are the ideal, and some businesses have taken the decision to go completely smoke-free. However, everyone agrees that, it is a matter of rights - the right of smokers to smoke versus non-smokers from passive smoking to protect and to breathe clean air.

Bab II "Explanation Text"

Explanation text (text explanation) is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, soisal, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author questions 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

Communicative purpose of Explanation Text

Explanation communicative purpose of the text is to explain the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural, and others aimed at explaining.

Generic structur Explanation Text

There are three sections in the Text Explanation sentence structure, namely:

1. A general statement

In a general statement contains a general explanation of the phenomenon that will be discussed, this phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation.

2. A squenced of explanation

A squenced of explanation contains an explanation of why the phenomenon may occur or be created. A squenced of explanation in the form of answers to the question 'why' and 'how' the author when making an Explanation text. In squenced of explanation may consist of more than one paragraph.

3. Closing

Actually closing was not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people assume that the last paragraph of the Explanation text is closing, but it is part of squenced of explantaion that contains the final steps described in the section squenced of explanation.

Language features Explanation Text

In a text explanation, there are linguistic traits as below, namely:

• Using simple present tense

• mengguankan abstract noun (nouns that appear)

• Passive voice mengguanakan

• Using Action verbs

Example of Explanation Text

To increase your understanding of the Explanation Text above explanation, the authors also include examples of explanation text below:

Making Paper from woodchips

General statement

Woodchipping is a process used to OBTAIN pulp and paper products from forest trees. The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of ​​the forest called a coupe.

Squence of explanation

Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper roomates cuts them into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat. The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.

Closing

Finally the pulp is rolled out to the make paper.

III. “ Job Vacancy And Application Letter ”

1.     Start with a job title that clearly describes the job position to attract reader’s attention. Include the required experience level within the title so job seekers can easily determine whether they may qualify.

2.     Describe the company briefly. Include approximate number of employees, type of product or service you supply, number of years in business and office locations. Use exciting descriptions to briefly describe why a job applicant would want to work. For example, use phrases such as “young, dynamic company, “cutting edge of technology” or “warm work atmosphere.”

3.     Write a detailed job description. Describe specific job responsibilities and how the job fits in with the framework of the company. For example, write “create graphical website templates for our new magazine website.” Explain whether the job entails management tasks, financial budgeting or direct contact with external clients.

4.     Include the job location so that job seekers who live too far to commute will not apply. Describe the job as “work at home” if the job does not take place in an office setting.

5.     Include required job hours. Specify job hours, if specific job hours are required. If not, write “full time”, “part time” or “flexible job hours” to give applicants a general idea of expectations.

6.     Include general salary range. If you plan on paying average salary but do not want to include actual salary, write “competitive salary and benefits.” If you will pay a low salary, list the salary in the ad so that overqualified applicants do not apply.

7.     Write qualification requirements including education and specific skills. Write years plus type of experience required, such as, “minimum five years experience as a senior manager for a high-tech company.”

8.     End the job advertisement explaining how to apply for the job. In most cases, ask applicants to send a resume or CV. Give contact details of where to send the resume, such as email address or fax number. List other application requirements, if any. For example, ask for writing samples for a writing job or sample photographs for a photography job.

For example:

Urgently Required!!! Grand Jasmine Hotel Surabaya invites for hard worker, communicative and attractive individuals, you can get competitive salary. Who wants to develop and needs to success for the position of: RECEPTIONIST Requirements: Ø Male/Female, age 20-27 years old Ø Min D3 degree from reputable academic Ø Good performance and attractive Ø Fluently in English both written and oral Ø Familiar with computer system Ø Preferable who has experience in hotel operation Send your application and CV to human resources department of Grand Jasmine Hotel Surabaya, Jl. Irian Barat 30 Surabaya, before July 15th 2013.

APPLICATION LETTER

Application letter is a letter business letter or a letter that have function to apply a job in a company or an institution.

How to Make Application Letter?

Heading
SenderAddres

Date
Company address

Salutation
Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name

Body of Application Letter
The body of your application letter lets the employer know what position you are applying for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and how you will follow-up.

Education
The first paragraph of your letter should include information about your education and your age.

Experience
The next section of your application letter should describe your experience and how long your experience, also the place.

Qualifications

Mention your qualification and mention specifically how your qualifications match the job you are applying for. Remember, you are interpreting your resume, not repeating it.

Wrap up
Conclude your application letter by thanking the employer for considering you for the position. Include information on how you will follow-up.

Closing: Sincerely,  faithfully and your signature

For example:

Jl. Danau Sunter Selatan North Jakarta 14360            Sender Address January 25, 2013                    Date Human Resources Manager PT. Astrea Graphica Visual              Company Address Jl. Jend. Sudirman 25 Jakarta Selatan Dear Sir/Madame,                    Salutation Body of Application LetterI read your advertisement on Media Indonesia 2nd January 2007 edition, and I would like to apply for the position offered. Education and ExperienceI was graduated from Bina Nusantara University Jakarta on 2004, majoring in Graphic Design. I have 3 years working experience in Graphic Design department at PT. Penerbitan Grahamedia,   Qualification:  successfully handling the graphic design for its several top rated magazines such as Qiblati, As Sunnah and Keluarga Sakinah. Wrap upEnclosed are my resume and recent photograph. I will appreciate an interview opportunity where I can convince you that my service will be an asset to your company. I hope my educational background and excellent achievement on current works merit to your consideration. Thank you for kind attention. I am looking forward to your reply. Closing Sincerely, Dwiyanti Paramita

IV. COMPOUND SENTENCE

Compound Sentence adalah jenis kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris yang tersusun dari lebih dari satu kalimat lepas (independent clause). Dalam arti lain, Compound Sentence adalah kalimat yang mempunyai paling sedikit 2 kalimat bebas. Kita mengenalnya dalam Bahasa Indonesia dengan kalimat majemuk setara. Compound Sentence biasanya terbentuk dengan kata penghubung seperti and, or, so. Lebih jelasnya perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

1. My father always read newspaper and my mother cooks in the morning.

2. I work hard this week, so I will take a break. His father is a good man, but he is bad.

3. My name is Fadli and I'm married.

4. My child is still 3 years old, but he is very talkative.

Compound sentence atau kalimat majemuk adalah merupakan gabungan dua kalimat sederhana atau dua klausa utama atau lebih. Compound sentences terdiri dari simple compound and complex sentence.

  Misal:

1.      The rain fell, and the wind blew.

2.     Shinta likes to cook, but Fitri loves singing.

3.     We played volley ball, and then we went swimming.

4.     Mrs. Lutfi is a house wife, but Mrs. Edison is a career woman.

Dalam kalimat majemuk setara tersebut di atas masing-masing independent clause mempunya subjek dan predikat sendiri. (The rain fell. The wind blew). Masing-masing subjek punya kata kerja masing-masing dan setara (sama-sama berada di main clause).
Perhatikan kata-kata sambung yang dipakai untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause sehingga menjadi kalimat majemuk setara.

Contoh:

1.     The door opened, and a cat suddenly entered the room .(dan)

2.     The restaurant is a very dirty, yet many people still want to eat there.(namun)

3.     I heard the conversation very clearly, for I was not far from them.(karena)

4.     You must study hard, or you will flunk in your exams.(atau)

5.     I want to live far away from the city, but my girl friend wants me to stay close to her.(tapi)

6.     Fitri was very tired, so she went to bed earlier.(jadi)

Perhatikan kita menggunakan tanda "," (koma) sebelum kata-kata sambung tersebut karena kedua kalimat tersebut setara. Kata sambung lainya yang dapat digunakan, yaitu:

Also	Juga
Besides	Disamping itu
Moreover	Lagi pula, tambahan pula
Still	Namun
Therefore	Oleh karenanya
Consequently	Akibatnya
Otherwise	Jika tidak
Accordingly	Karenanya
However	Namun demikian
Nevertheless	Meskipun demikian
Then
Furthermore	Lebih lagi
On the other hand	Di lain pihak

       
Apabila kita menggunakan kata-kata di atas, maka tanda titik koma (;) sebelum transisi tersebut dan tanda koma (,) setelah nya. Perhatikan contoh kalimatnya:

1.     Mr. Lutfi is the richest man in Samarinda; moreover, he is very generous.

2.     Our team tried the best to win; nevertheless, they finally lost the game.

3.     This method is very good; accordingly, you must use it.

4.     He has been absent very frequently; therefore, the teacher decided to disqualify them for a test.

Konjungsi koordinasi yang mudah diingat jika Anda berpikir tentang kata-kata "FAN BOYS":

·       For                                

• And                     
• Nor                      
• But                      
• Or
• Yet
• So

V. SIMPLE SENTENCE

Pengertian Simple Sentence

Simple sentence adalah sentence type (tipe kalimat) yang paling mendasar, yaitu hanya terdiri dari satu independent clause. Tipe kalimat ini bukan berarti “simple” (sederhana) untuk dipahami karena simple sentence sendiri merujuk pada pola kalimat bukan the complexity of thought (kompleksitas pemikiran).

Independent Clause dan Compound Element pada Simple Sentence

Independent clause terdiri dari satu subject, verb, dan element(s) lain untuk membentuk kalimat yang memiliki arti secara utuh/lengkap. Subject adalah someone/something (seseorang/sesuatu), berupa noun atau pronoun, yang melakukan aksi. Aksi yang dilakukan (verb) dapat berupa action (contoh: eat, play, read) atau linking verb.

Contoh Simple Sentence:

Contoh Simple Sentence	Keterangan
My sister read the magazine.	subject= my sister, verb= read, (direct) object= the magazine
The manager came late today.	subject= the manager, verb= came, adverb= late, today
He is diligent. (Dia rajin)	subject= he (pronoun), (linking) verb= is, adjective= diligent
I was doing physically exercises at this time yesterday. (Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari.)	subject= I, verb= was doing, (direct) object= physically exercises prepositional phrase= at this time yesterday

Simple sentence umumnya berupa kalimat yang pendek, namun dapat pula panjang. Kalimat dapat menjadi lebih panjang ketika elemen-elemen kalimat (subject, verb, object, etc) digunakan secara majemuk (compound). Diantara elemen majemuk tersebut (subject compound, verb compound, etc) tidak dipisahkan oleh koma. Selain itu, prepositional phrase juga dapat berperan untuk memperpanjang suatu simple sentence.

Contoh Simple Sentence:

Contoh Simple Sentence	Keterangan
Atiek and I got the appreciation for our recent research. (Atiek dan saya mendapatkan perhargaan untuk riset terakhir kami.)	compound subject
The babies laughed and cried simultaneously. (Bayi-bayi tersebut tertawa dan menangis secara bersamaan.)	compound verb
Ana and Yuni read and wrote the instruction. (Ana dan Yuni membaca dan menulis instruksi.)	compound subject, compound verb
Ana and Yuni read the instruction on the whiteboard and wrote it on their book. (Ana dan Yuni membaca instruksi di papan tulis putih dan menuliskannya di buku mereka.)	prepositional phrase

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green. 

Examples

I am running.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, I, and one predicate, running.

The singer bowed.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, singer, and one predicate, bowed.

The babies cried.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, baby, and one predicate, cried.

The girl ran into her bedroom.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. This example is distinct from the previous three in that its verb phrase consists of more than one word.

In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.

This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases

VI. COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.  B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.

Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma.  The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there.  In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. 

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause.  The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined. 

A. The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which Abraham  Lincoln was born in is still standing. D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

Sebuah kalimat yang kompleks terdiri dari klausul independen dan satu atau lebih tergantung klausa terhubung. Sebuah klausa dependen adalah serupa dengan klausul independen, atau kalimat lengkap, tetapi tidak memiliki salah satu elemen yang akan membuat kalimat lengkap.

Klausul Dependent seperti yang di atas tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat, tetapi mereka dapat ditambahkan ke klausul independen untuk membentuk kalimat kompleks.

Klausa Dependent dimulai dengan mensubordinasi konjungsi. Berikut adalah beberapa kata sambung subordinatif (subordinating conjunctions) yang paling umum:

• after
• although
• as
• because
• before
• even though
• if
• since
• though
• unless
• until
• when
• whenever
• whereas
• wherever
• while

A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.

Examples

·        "I enjoyed the apple pie that you bought for me." Here, "I enjoyed the apple pie" is an independent clause and "that you bought for me" is a relative clause. The independent clause could stand alone as a simple sentence without the relative clause.

·        "I ate breakfast before I went to work." This has "I ate breakfast" as an independent clause, and "before I went to work" as a dependent clause.

Examples of sentences that have more than one clause but are not complex sentences include the following:

·        "I was scared, but I didn't run away." Both of these clauses are independent in this compound sentence.

·        "The dog that you gave me barked at me, and it bit my hand." Here a compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses ("The dog barked at me" and "It bit my hand") and one dependent clause ["that you gave me"].